@Meanlucario
Well. I say what I’ve always said about this. Anyone who tries to interpret racism unnecessarily in the books of Tolkien commits the mistake, in my opinion, of disregarding the background of the author.
The orcs are probably based on the word Orcneas from the poem Beowulf and means “Monsters”. As a philologist, Tolkien was quite familiar with this work. However, it is no longer possible to say with certainty to what extent it has influenced his creative process.
He himself wrote about it: Orcs (the word is as far as I am concerned actually derived from Old English orc “demon”, but only because of its phonetic suitability) are nowhere clearly stated to be of any particular origin.
The origin of the Orcs is still one of the great myths of the LOTR universe. However, it can be assumed that it is similar to the Uruk-Hai an artificial breed. They are the incarnate, monstrous henchmen of evil. To want to compare them to a real race seems absolutely ridiculous to me.
Moreover, in creating the Orcs and Uruk-Hai, Tolkien processed his own experiences in World War I (especially the terrible effects of the Industrial Revolution on warfare) - and unlike the Hobbit, he had to distance himself from the word “goblin”, as it was already strongly associated with the work of George MacDonald.
I admit, Tolkien certainly took a lot of inspiration from the Mongolian storms and the “ugly” Germans, but certainly not for racist reasons. Rather to illustrate the horror of evil. If there’s one thing you can blame Tolkien for, it’s his very
clean “good vs. evil” concept. But he didn’t invent that. Basically he merely continued a concept that is already fundamental to Christianity, Manichaeism, and Zoroastrianism. The basic good against the basic evil. The last battle. The finale fight. In principle Armageddon in a nutshell, only without all the fire and sulfur.
I mean, we don’t accuse Jesus of racism either, because he is supposed to fight the Antichrist, just to protect the feelings and rights of the demons. And the fact that the orcs are often referred to as black-skinned does not indicate a supposedly African origin, but the absence of
light. If there’s no light, it’s dark. In other words, it’s
black before our eyes. Do we have to worry now that the darkness is not gender-friendly pink? Does everything have to be racist in any way nowadays?
That there is racism INSIDE the LOTR universe is not to be denied. Tolkien himself created the conflict between elves and dwarves, among other things. But behind this there is no racist motivation or conviction on the part of the author. Instead, in my opinion, Tolkien wanted to point out a fundamental problem, that was very close to his heart: The absolutely opposite ways of life between forest dwellers and miners.
Again, one can recognize Tolkien’s actual leitmotif. The suppression of nature and the mystical by technology and greed. Tolkien was a child of his time and looked at the technological development in the world and the changes in society which followed it with great concern. He saw there a core conflict of man in his inability to live with nature. The disappearance of the old and mystical was also disturbing for him. What was good, he saw threatened, and what was evil was cruel, ugly and destructive. I can understand why Tolkien was attracted to this conflict between good and evil. And basically I do not think his way of creating a book and a whole universe out of it is badly done. But I don’t think we should be too overly critical of it. Or at least see his work in the right context. ;-)