Theophylaktos Kallimykteres 
"[@Genny":](/1487788#comment_6359058
")
[@AaronMk":](/1487788#comment_6359114
")
[@Genny":](/1487788#comment_6356171
[bq="Genny"]) "
> [@ironroot":](/1487788#comment_6341150
)
> actually, the fascist manifesto shows that fascism is just socialist militarism, though in practice (mussolini etc.) it was more of a dictatorial ultranationalism[/bq]
_
*Historical Fascism_*, namely Italian Fascism, was actually a lot more than a simple "nationalist ideology": it was _*the attempt to create a totalitarian State in Italy_*.
From the"[Doctrine of Fascism":](http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html), an important essay written by the philosopher Giovanni Gentile, the so-called "philosopher of Fascism", and by Mussolini himself, published in 1932 (emphasis mine):
"5. **Fascism is a religious conception** in which man is seen in his immanent relationship with **a superior law and with an objective Will** that transcends the particular individual and raises him to conscious membership in a spiritual society.
Whoever has seen in the religious politics of the Fascist regime nothing but mere opportunism has not understood that **Fascism besides being a system of government is also, and above all, a system of thought**.
7. **Against individualism, the Fascist conception is for the State**; and it is for the individual in so far as he coincides with the State, which is the conscience and universal will of man in his historical existence. **It is opposed to classical Liberalism** (...) Liberalism denied the State in the interests of the particular individual; **Fascism reaffirms the State as the true reality of the individual**.
(...) if liberty is to be the attribute of the real man, and not of that abstract puppet envisaged by individualistic Liberalism, Fascism is for liberty. And for the only liberty which can be a real thing, the liberty of the State and of the individual within the State.
Therefore, **for the Fascist, everything is in the State, and nothing human or spiritual exists, much less has value, outside the State**.
In this sense **Fascism is totalitarian**, and the Fascist State, the synthesis and unity of all values, interprets, develops and gives strength to the whole life of the people.
8. Outside the State there can be neither individuals nor groups (political parties, associations, syndicates, classes). Therefore **Fascism is opposed to Socialism**, which confines the movement of history within the class struggle and **ignores the unity of classes established in one economic and moral reality in the State**; and analogously **it is opposed to class syndicalism**.
9. Individuals form classes according to the similarity of their interests, they form syndicates according to differentiated economic activities within these interests; but they form first, and above all, the State, which is not to be thought of numerically as the sum-total of individuals forming the majority of the nation.
And consequently **Fascism is opposed to Democracy, which equates the nation to the majority, lowering it to the level of that majority**."
As you can see reading this short passages from the essay, the doctrine of the_*historical Fascism_* (which ruled Italy between 1922 and 1943, Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945) is a little different from the ideas of the "Fasci di Combattimento", which in 1919 was just one of the many "fasci" movements in post-war Italy.
These "fasci" movements were politically quite heterogeneous: but they had some common features. Many of their members came from the_*National syndicalism_* organizations: and in fact, Alceste de Ambris was one of them.
Italian national syndicalists were heavily influenced by the ideas of Georges Sorel (the necessity of a "social myth", the defense of violence), and held a common set of principles: the **rejection of bourgeois values, democracy, liberalism, Marxism, internationalism, and pacifism**; and **the promotion of heroism, vitalism, and violence**.
The disastrous results of"[1919 general election":](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_general_election,_1919) for the Fasci (less than 5000 votes!) led to the foundation of an actual party, the **National Fascist Party**, in 1921. The period between 1919 and 1921 was full of internal fights between Mussolini and the anti-Mussolinian members (like national-syndicalists) within the movement, but eventually the line of Mussolini prevailed. By the early 1920s, Mussolini was the undisputed leader of Fascism, and his main ideologue.
Mussolini erased all the "democratic" features of the former movement, and he strenghtened the autoritarian, militaristic, reactionary features of the Party. The new aim of the Party was now_*the creation of a totaliarian State, by violent means_*.
But in 1920, Mussolini had already created the_*squadre d'azione_*, armed fascist squads with the purpose of destroying the offices of leftist newspapers, and for intimidation or assassination of political opponents.
Speaking of_*Alceste De Ambris_* (one of the authors of the 1919 Manifesto posted by "[@Genny":](/1487788#comment_6359058)); in 19201 he was already anti-fascist. He fled to France in 1923, after having suffered Fascist aggressions. His Italian citizenship was withdrawn in 1926.
[spoiler]
||(For the origins of Italian Fascism and the Fascist ideology, personally I suggest the books by one of the best living experts on Fascism, Emilio Gentile.)[/spoiler]||
Ἵππος Κωνσταντινουπόλεως
"
[@AaronMk
"
[@Genny
[bq="Genny"]
> [@ironroot
> actually, the fascist manifesto shows that fascism is just socialist militarism, though in practice (mussolini etc.) it was more of a dictatorial ultranationalism
_
*Historical Fascism
From the
"5. **Fascism is a religious conception** in which man is seen in his immanent relationship with **a superior law and with an objective Will** that transcends the particular individual and raises him to conscious membership in a spiritual society.
Whoever has seen in the religious politics of the Fascist regime nothing but mere opportunism has not understood that **Fascism besides being a system of government is also, and above all, a system of thought**.
7. **Against individualism, the Fascist conception is for the State**; and it is for the individual in so far as he coincides with the State, which is the conscience and universal will of man in his historical existence. **It is opposed to classical Liberalism** (...) Liberalism denied the State in the interests of the particular individual; **Fascism reaffirms the State as the true reality of the individual**.
(...) if liberty is to be the attribute of the real man, and not of that abstract puppet envisaged by individualistic Liberalism, Fascism is for liberty. And for the only liberty which can be a real thing, the liberty of the State and of the individual within the State.
Therefore, **for the Fascist, everything is in the State, and nothing human or spiritual exists, much less has value, outside the State**.
In this sense **Fascism is totalitarian**, and the Fascist State, the synthesis and unity of all values, interprets, develops and gives strength to the whole life of the people.
8. Outside the State there can be neither individuals nor groups (political parties, associations, syndicates, classes). Therefore **Fascism is opposed to Socialism**, which confines the movement of history within the class struggle and **ignores the unity of classes established in one economic and moral reality in the State**; and analogously **it is opposed to class syndicalism**.
9. Individuals form classes according to the similarity of their interests, they form syndicates according to differentiated economic activities within these interests; but they form first, and above all, the State, which is not to be thought of numerically as the sum-total of individuals forming the majority of the nation.
And consequently **Fascism is opposed to Democracy, which equates the nation to the majority, lowering it to the level of that majority**."
As you can see reading this short passages from the essay, the doctrine of the
These "fasci" movements were politically quite heterogeneous: but they had some common features. Many of their members came from the
Italian national syndicalists were heavily influenced by the ideas of Georges Sorel (the necessity of a "social myth", the defense of violence), and held a common set of principles: the **rejection of bourgeois values, democracy, liberalism, Marxism, internationalism, and pacifism**; and **the promotion of heroism, vitalism, and violence**.
The disastrous results of
Mussolini erased all the "democratic" features of the former movement, and he strenghtened the autoritarian, militaristic, reactionary features of the Party. The new aim of the Party was now
But in 1920, Mussolini had already created the
Speaking of
[spoiler]
||(For the origins of Italian Fascism and the Fascist ideology, personally I suggest the books by one of the best living experts on Fascism, Emilio Gentile.)